Chapter:-2
Introduction to ports & protocols
chapter outline:
1. What are ports and protocols
2. Important ports and protocols
3. Primary network types
4. Important networking terms:
a. PID
b. MAC Address's
c. IP Address
d. NETBIOS Name
5. Other important protocols:
a. Address resolution protocol
b. Dynamic host configuration protocol
c. Internet control message protocol
d. File transfer protocol
e. Simple mail transfer protocol
6. Practical included:
a. Viewing ARP Tables
b. Viewing all TCP/UDP connection and listening ports using netstat.
Ports
A port is logical access channel between two devices which helps in their communication. A port is used to transfer the data.
There are total 65535 ports.
1. Well known ports : 0 to 1023
2.Registered ports : 1024 to 49151
2. Registered ports : 49152 to 65535
Some of useful ports are:
Port name port number
ftp 21/cp
Ssh 22/tcp
telnet 23/tcp
Stmp 25/tcp
http 80/tcp
Kerberos 88/tcp
Pop3 110/tcp
Imap 143/tcp
https 443/tcp
Ftps-data 989/tcp
Ftps 990/tcp
Telnets 992/tcp
Imaps 993/tcp
Pop3s 995/tcp
Ldap 389/tcp
protocols
Protocol is simply a set of rules which defines A standard way for exchanging information our a network.-
.Most commonly used protocol are:
1.transmission control protocol (TCP):
TCP is one of the part of IPS (Internet protocol Suite).other one component is IP. TCP stands for transmission control protocol.TCP provides the facility to exchange the information or data directly between two hosts. Many major internet application like e-mail,file transfer etc. rely upon TCP . this protocol contains variety of flags like SYN,ACK,RST,FIN etc.
2. Internet protocol (IP):
Internet protocol is other or part of IPS.
IP is the main communication protocol with is used for exchanging packet power inter-network using IPS. IP is used to deliver packets from source to destination.
internet protocol is responsible for establishment of internet.
3.user Datagram protocol (UDP):
user datagram protocol (UDP) does not contain any flag. UDP allows computer application to send message over internet protocol (IP). in UDP, DATA or messages are considered as DATAGRAM UDP was designed by David p. reed in 1980.
in udp simple transmission model is used and there is no handshaking method is used which result into to you unreliability duplication and missing of the information without notice.
data on the internet is generally organised into standard TCP or UDP packets .A packet is bunch of information different services use different ports to exchange the information.
primary network types
1. Local area network (LAN)
In LAN, a computer network cover small local area like home office and small workgroups such as schools or university. Wi-Fi and Ethernet are commonly used for LAN.
2.wide Area Network (WAN)
In WAN, a computer network cover larger area like on national or regional level. A wide area network can be used as local area network Metro politan area network (MAN), or for campus area network (CAN).
3.Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
In WLAN, devices are connected wirelessly by the the mechanism of wireless distribution method (OFDM radio or any other).
In WLAN. Generally access point provides the connection and hence provide the user and ease mobility.
WLAN is easy install and maintain however it become very popular this is days with laptop and personal devices it had observed that ad railway station, malls, hotels, etc. are
equipped with WLAN.
Important terms associated with network
1.PID
PID stands for product identification number. PID is used to provide identification to a standalone system on a network PID was developed to solve the problem of identification. in this, a unique id was hardcoded on the NIC (Network interface card). but due to production of NIC by more than one manufacturer, conflict where seen. hence tied was not much efficiently used for identification.
2.MAC Address
Mac address change for media access control Address. MAC address is 48 bits Hexa decimal number which is a unique number assigned to the network adaptors or NIC. MAC address is the combination of PID and CID company identification number MAC address is also known as physical address.
for EX: AE:2D:62:B4:A8:76
3.IP address stands for Internet Protocol address. IP address is used for addressing the network so that it can be detected and used for transferring the information aur messages. IP address is of 32 bits the value of IP address is in numeric format.
For ex : 127.0.0.1 (IPv4)
Ip address can we assign by two method
1.static IP
Static IP is fixed IP of a system which don't change automatically.
3.Dynamic IP
Dynamic IP is IP assigned to a system which gets changed when the the system all connection is restarted.
3.NetBios Name
Netbios name is is the identifier of the IP address for example the netbios name of XYZ represent it's IP address.
Netbios names are 16 characters long and may consist of alpha-numeric values.
#Other Important protocols
1.Address Resolution protocols (ARP)
Aarp is present in network layer (layer 3)of OSI model.it is used to resolve IP address into MAC address.
.Viewing ARP Tables:
1. Open command prompt.
2.type "arp-a".
3. ERP tables will be shown up (shown in screenshot)
2. Dynamic host configuration protocol DHCP let's the server automatically assign IP address to the user system from a provided range of IP addresses.
DHCP server is available for windows as well as unique best operating systems. Many of the routers come with DHCP
Pre-configured.
3. Internet control message protocol (ICMP):
Icmp is used for sending the error messages indicating the host is unreachable or requested service is not available. Icmp rely upon IP to perform its tasks.
Unlike TCP and UDP, it is not used for exchanging the information between two between hosts. Generally, it is not used by the user network application.
4.File Transfer protocol (FTP):
File transfer protocol is a standard protocol used for transferring the files from one host to another over the TCP/iP best network connection. FTP is either used with authentication password or with anynomous access.
FTP runs on port 21.
5. Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP):
SMTP is the standard protocol used for exchanging the electronic mail (e-mail) across the IP Network SMTP uses port 25 on TCP
(for outgoing mail transfer).
Viewing all TCP/UDPconnection and listening ports using Netstat:
1.open command prompt.
2.Type "netstat -an" (for the proposes mentioned above shown in a screenshot).
3. To explore more about netstat command type "netstat-h" or "netstat/?" To open help window.
primary network types
1. Local area network (LAN)
In LAN, a computer network cover small local area like home office and small workgroups such as schools or university. Wi-Fi and Ethernet are commonly used for LAN.
2.wide Area Network (WAN)
In WAN, a computer network cover larger area like on national or regional level. A wide area network can be used as local area network Metro politan area network (MAN), or for campus area network (CAN).
3.Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
In WLAN, devices are connected wirelessly by the the mechanism of wireless distribution method (OFDM radio or any other).
In WLAN. Generally access point provides the connection and hence provide the user and ease mobility.
WLAN is easy install and maintain however it become very popular this is days with laptop and personal devices it had observed that ad railway station, malls, hotels, etc. are
equipped with WLAN.
Important terms associated with network
1.PID
PID stands for product identification number. PID is used to provide identification to a standalone system on a network PID was developed to solve the problem of identification. in this, a unique id was hardcoded on the NIC (Network interface card). but due to production of NIC by more than one manufacturer, conflict where seen. hence tied was not much efficiently used for identification.
2.MAC Address
Mac address change for media access control Address. MAC address is 48 bits Hexa decimal number which is a unique number assigned to the network adaptors or NIC. MAC address is the combination of PID and CID company identification number MAC address is also known as physical address.
for EX: AE:2D:62:B4:A8:76
3.IP address stands for Internet Protocol address. IP address is used for addressing the network so that it can be detected and used for transferring the information aur messages. IP address is of 32 bits the value of IP address is in numeric format.
For ex : 127.0.0.1 (IPv4)
Ip address can we assign by two method
1.static IP
Static IP is fixed IP of a system which don't change automatically.
3.Dynamic IP
Dynamic IP is IP assigned to a system which gets changed when the the system all connection is restarted.
3.NetBios Name
Netbios name is is the identifier of the IP address for example the netbios name of XYZ represent it's IP address.
Netbios names are 16 characters long and may consist of alpha-numeric values.
#Other Important protocols
1.Address Resolution protocols (ARP)
Aarp is present in network layer (layer 3)of OSI model.it is used to resolve IP address into MAC address.
.Viewing ARP Tables:
1. Open command prompt.
2.type "arp-a".
3. ERP tables will be shown up (shown in screenshot)
2. Dynamic host configuration protocol DHCP let's the server automatically assign IP address to the user system from a provided range of IP addresses.
DHCP server is available for windows as well as unique best operating systems. Many of the routers come with DHCP
Pre-configured.
3. Internet control message protocol (ICMP):
Icmp is used for sending the error messages indicating the host is unreachable or requested service is not available. Icmp rely upon IP to perform its tasks.
Unlike TCP and UDP, it is not used for exchanging the information between two between hosts. Generally, it is not used by the user network application.
4.File Transfer protocol (FTP):
File transfer protocol is a standard protocol used for transferring the files from one host to another over the TCP/iP best network connection. FTP is either used with authentication password or with anynomous access.
FTP runs on port 21.
5. Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP):
SMTP is the standard protocol used for exchanging the electronic mail (e-mail) across the IP Network SMTP uses port 25 on TCP
(for outgoing mail transfer).
Viewing all TCP/UDPconnection and listening ports using Netstat:
1.open command prompt.
2.Type "netstat -an" (for the proposes mentioned above shown in a screenshot).
3. To explore more about netstat command type "netstat-h" or "netstat/?" To open help window.
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